Ethambutol

Asthma is one of the commonest chronic diseases, which affect both the paediatric and adult population. Approximately 10% of school children and 4% of the adults experience asthma symptoms at some stage of their life. It leads to some mortality, most of which is avoidable, significant morbidity and considerable socio-economic impact because of missed school, loss of work and utilization of healthcare resources leading to a major economic burden. India has 40-50 million asthmatics and the incidence has been rising over the last 30 years, just like in so many other nations. This is largely owing to the fact that for some reason, our immune system is shifting to an allergic phenotype-TH2 lymphocyte response. This may be due to increasing urbanization, greater use of antibiotics, smaller family size and other lifestyle changes. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of airway, which leads to recurrent episodes of coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. One of the hallmarks of the disease is an increase in the airway responsiveness. There are multiple aggravating factors, which precipitate an asthma attack. In view of this chronic inflammation, the treatment of the disease is also longterm. Spirometry is one of the most useful tests in the diagnosis and management of asthma, but it is grossly underutilized. The World Health Organization has taken a major lead in the management of this disease worldwide by developing and then spreading the GINA guidelines on a global basis. The guidelines classify asthma into 4 groups mild intermittent, mild persistent, moderate persistent and severe persistent asthma. One of the most important aspects of asthma management is patient education. An asthmatic needs to know why long term treatment is needed, how to use the inhalers effectively and what to do in case of worsening of symptoms. The treatment of this disease is based on a series of steps-increasing treatment with worsening disease and then reducing therapy once control is achieved and maintained. Inhalers are the mainstay of the therapy and the choice of a particular type depends on patients preference. Inhaled corticosteroids are the most potent and effective antiinflammatory medication, currently available for asthma and they are remarkably safe even when used for long periods of time.
' + 'details about optic neuritis ' + 'and how it relates to ethambutol.

Fr 26 ; Fr 04703412.9 22 ; 20.01.2004 AT BE BG 2004 000122 20.01.2004 WO 2005 025533 2005 FR 0309861 STABILE, OL-IN-WASSER, KONZENTRIERTE UND DUNNE EMULSIONEN CONCENTRATED AND DILUTED STABLE OIL WATER EMULSIONS EMULSIONS HUILE-DANS-EAU CONCENTREES ET DILUEES, STABLES J & C INTERNATIONAL, 92, Avenue du General de Gaulle, 92635 Gennevilliers, FR ROSSOW, Veronique, F-33120 Arcachon, FR ROSSOW, Nicolas, F-95550 Bessancourt, FR ROSSOW, Jean, F-92300 Levallois-Perret, FR Touati, Catherine, et al, Cabinet Plasseraud 65 67 rue de la Victoire, 75440 Paris Cedex 09, FR. Esophageal cancer. Chemoradiation therapy was effective for some patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer, particularly in the absence of or with few lymph node metastases. To improve the prognosis of patients with advanced esophageal cancer who, for various causes, cannot undergo surgical treatment, a new protocol for adjuvant therapy is required. 352. Esophagogastrectomy without pyloroplasty - Velanovich V. [Dr. V. Velanovich, Division of General Surgery, K-8, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Blvd., Detroit, MI 48202-2689, United States] - DIS. ESOPHAGUS 2003 16 3 ; - summ in ENGL There is no consensus on the need for pyloroplasty after esophagectomy or proximal gastrectomy with an esophagogastrostomy and vagotomy. Arguments for routine pyloroplasty include prevention of postoperative delayed gastric emptying. Arguments against include prevention of postoperative dumping syndrome and bile reflux esophagitis. The purpose of this study was to assess clinical outcomes of patients undergoing esophagogastrectomy without routine pyloroplasty. All patients undergoing esophagogastrectomy or proximal gastrectomy with esophagogastrostomy from October 1996 to September 2002, inclusive were reviewed for age, gender, diagnosis, type of resection, pathology, short-term complications, long-term complications, remedial procedures performed, and postoperative gastric emptying scintigraphy. 58 patients were studied. Postoperative mortality was 6.9%, and anastomotic leak rate 12.1%. Eleven patients 19% ; had symptomatic gastroparesis, two required pyloric balloon dilation and one a pyloroplasty. No patients complained of dumping symptoms; reflux requiring medical intervention occurred in seven 12.1% ; , and anastomotic stricture requiring dilation occurred in five 8.6% ; . Omitting a pyloroplasty does not lead to a high frequency of symptomatic delayed gastric emptying. Maintaining the pylorus may protect patients from dumping syndrome, and bile reflux esophagitis with its potential noxious effects on the remaining esophageal mucosa. 353. Validity of intraoperative pathological diagnosis of paratracheal lymph node as a strategy for selection of patients for cervical lymph node dissection during esophagectomy - Shimada Y., Sato F., Maeda M. et al. [Y. Shimada, Dept. of Surg. Surgical Basic Sci., Grad. School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kawaracho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan] - DIS. ESOPHAGUS 2003 16 3 ; - summ in ENGL The aim of this paper is to examine whether intraoperative examination of paratracheal nodes can indicate cervical node dissection and whether this approach is valid. From 1988 to 1997, 76 patients with thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma received esophagectomies with and without cervical lymph node LN ; dissection based on the results of intraoperative pathological diagnosis from selective checking of paratracheal LN. We retrospectively examined the outcomes for the patients and the micro metastasis in the dissected lymph node using cytokeratin staining. Three of the seven patients with cervical LN dissection were detected as having cervical LN metastasis by postoperative hematoxylin-eosin or cytokeratin staining. Five 7% ; of the 69 patients without cervical LN dissection had cervical LN recurrence after the operation. Four of the seven patients who were diagnosed as having metastasis or micro metastasis in paratracheal LN by postoperative examination had cervical LN recurrence after the operation. In conclusion, the esophagectomy with and without cervical LN dissection for thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma based on the results of intraoperative pathological diagnosis from selective checking of paratracheal LN was not fully acceptable. The reliability of intraoperative pathological diagnosis of selective checking may improve by increasing the number of checked LN and the detection of micro metastasis. 354. Small cell carcinoma of the esophagus; Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of six cases - Noguchi T., Takeno S., Kato T. et al. [Dr. T. Noguchi, Dept. of Oncol. Sci. Surgery II ; , Oita Medical University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama-machi, Oita 879-5593, Japan] - DIS. ESOPHAGUS 2003 16 3 ; - summ in ENGL Small cell carcinoma arising in the esophagus is a relatively rare disease. In the more common small cell carcinoma of the lung, 72, for example, inh rifampin ethambutol. An advanced practice registered nurse practitioner may provide health care services within specialty areas. An advanced practice registered nurse shall function by establishing collaborative, consultative, and referral networks as appropriate with other health care professionals. Patients who require care beyond the scope of practice of an advanced practice registered nurse shall be referred to an appropriate health care provider. Advanced practice registered nurse practice shall mean health promotion, health supervision, illness prevention and diagnosis, and treatment and management of common health problems and chronic conditions, including: 1. Assessing patients, ordering diagnostic tests and therapeutic treatments, synthesizing and analyzing data, and applying advanced nursing principles; 2. Dispensing, incident to practice only, sample medication which are provided by the manufacturer and are provided at no charge to the patient; and 3. Prescribing therapeutic measures and medications, relating to health conditions within the scope of practice. Any literature on the prescribing authority of the advanced practice registered nurse for controlled substances listed in Schedule II of Section 28 shall be recorded in the integrated practice agreement Citation: NEB. REV. STAT. 71-1721. The Board of the Southwestern Association of Toxicologists has established the Charles Tripp Millennium Award to honor at least one member a year at the discretion of the board ; for outstanding service. Consider the following criteria: a. Professional contributions to the field of Toxicology b. Contributions and Service to SAT c.Years of membership d."Coming through in a Pinch" Any member can submit the name of a deserving member to the board using the form above and myambutol. HIV TESTING In keeping with CDC recommendations for routinization of HIV testing, North Carolina protocol requires routine opt out HIV testing for all individuals being evaluated for STDs. This is referenced in the June 2005 memo on OPT OUT testing for HIV which encourages informing the client that the routine services provided will include the HIV test unless the client specifically refuses the HIV test. While "pre-test counseling" is not a requirement for HIV testing, informed consent must be obtained. North Carolina continues to support the client-centered approach to providing STD HIV prevention messages. This approach emphasizes individualization of risks and development of a client focused risk reduction plan with the particular client. STD HIV prevention messages should be integrated into client education on behaviors which impact health. Prevention counseling is encouraged for HIV positive clients and clients with behaviors which put them at risk for acquiring HIV. Key words COMPLICATIONS: malignant hyperthermia; NEUROMUSCULAR RELAXANTS: mivacurium, succinylcholine. From the Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, T-3, New Haven, CT 06510. Address correspondence to: Dr. Sorin J. Brull, Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, T-3, New Haven, CT 06510. Acceptedfor publication 3rd June, 1994 and etoposide, for instance, isoniazid and ethambutol.

Diagnosis A confirmed diagnosis of PML requires a compatible clinical syndrome and radiographic findings coupled with a brain biopsy demonstrating characteristic pathologic foci of demyelination and oligodendrocytes with enlarged nuclei and basophilic-staining intranuclear material. Whether a brain biopsy will yield information that will alter the clinical course of a patient presenting with a demyelinating disease is a clinical judgment. Treatment Recommendations There is no effective therapy for JC virus. However, when HAART is initiated and CD4 + T cell counts rise, some patients will experience neurologic improvement. Others may simply become neurologically stable. There are several reports, however, of patients developing worse neurologic manifestations after initiation of HAART. In some instances, this worsening is due to inflammatory IRS; other cases represent simply the natural history of PML. Erythromycin ethylsuccinate G not drops ; $ Erythromycin eye ointment - G $ Erythromycin stearate - G $ Erythromycin topical gel & solution Eryderm, Erygel ; - G $$ Erythromycin Sulfisoxazole Pediazole ; - G $ Erythropoietin injection Procrit brand only ; $$$$$ Escitalopram Lexapro ; * Half tablet program * $$$$ ST Eskalith CR Lithium carbonate controlled release ; - G $$ Estrace oral Estradiol ; - G $ Estrace vaginal Estradiol ; $$$$ Estraderm Estradiol twice weekly patch ; $$ Estradiol oral Estrace ; - G $ Estradiol twice weekly patch Estraderm, Vivelle, Vivelle-DOT only ; $$ Estradiol vaginal Estrace, Estring ; $$$$ Estradiol vaginal tablet Vagifem ; $$ Estradiol weekly patch Climara ; - G 0.025mg, 0.05mg, 0.075mg and 0.1mg only ; $$ Estradiol, ethinyl Norethindrone oral Femhrt, Femhrt LowDose ; $$ Estradiol Levonorgestrel weekly patch Climara Pro ; $$$ Estradiol Norethindrone twice weekly patch Combipatch ; $$$ Estramustine Emcyt ; $$$$$ Estring Estradiol vaginal ring ; $$ Estrogen, conjugated oral Premarin ; $$ Estrogen, conjugated vaginal Premarin ; $$$ Estrogen, conjugated Medroxyprogeste rone Premphase, Prempro ; $$ Estropipate Ogen ; - G $ Etanercept injection Enbrel ; $$$$$ PA Ethambutl Myambutol ; - G $$$$$ Ethmozine Moricizine ; $$$$$ Ethosuximide Zarontin ; - G $$$$ Etidronate Didronel ; - G $$$$$ Etoposide VePesid ; - G $$$$$ Eulexin Flutamide ; - G $$$$$ Eurax Crotamiton ; $ Evista Raloxifene ; $$$$ Evoxac Cevimeline ; $$$$$ Exelderm Sulconazole ; $$ Exemestane Aromasin ; $$$$$ Exenatide Byetta ; $$$$$ ST Exjade Deferasirox ; $$$$$ PA Ezetimibe Zetia ; $$$$ Ezetimibe Simvastatin Vytorin ; $$$$ Flecainide Tambocor ; - G $$$$$ Flexeril Cyclobenzaprine ; - G $ Flonase nasal inhaler Fluticasone ; - G $$$ Florinef Fludrocortisone ; - G $$ Flovent, Flovent HFA oral inhaler only Fluticasone ; $$$$ Floxin ear drops Ofloxacin ; $$$ Fluconazole 150mg - 1 dose for vaginal candidiasis Diflucan ; - G $ Fluconazole suspension Diflucan ; - G $$$$$ Fluconazole tablet Diflucan ; - G $$ Fludrocortisone Florinef ; - G $$ Flumadine Rimantadine ; - G tablets ; $$ Fluocinolone cream, ointment, solution Synalar ; - G $ Fluocinolone oil DermaSmoothe FS ; $$$ Fluocinolone shampoo Capex ; $$$ Fluocinonide Lidex, LidexE ; - G $ Fluoride Luride ; - G $ Fluoromethalone eye drops 0.1% only FML ; - G $ Fluoroplex Fluorouracil 1% cream & solution ; $$$$$ Fluorouracil topical Efudex, Fluoroplex, Carac ; - G 2% & 5% solution ; $$$$$ Fluoxetine 10mg capsule & tablet and 20mg capsule Prozac, not Sarafem ; - G $ Fluoxetine solution Prozac ; G $$$$$ Fluoxymesterone Halotestin ; - G 10mg ; $$$$ Fluphenazine Prolixin ; - G $ Flurandrenolide tape only Cordran tape ; $$$ Flurbiprofen Ansaid ; - G$$ Flutamide Eulexin ; - G $$$$$ Fluticasone nasal inhaler Flonase ; - G $$$ Fluticasone oral inhaler only Flovent, Flovent HFA ; $$$$ Fluticasone Salmeterol oral inhalation Advair Diskus, Advair HFA ; $$$$$ Fluvoxamine Luvox ; - G $$$$$ FML eye drops 0.1% only Fluoromethalone ; - G $ Folic acid - G $ Follitropin alpha injection Gonal-F ; - Covered per member benefit for infertility. CuraScript Freedom is the preferred specialty pharmacy but not required. $$$$$ Foltx Vitamin B6 Vitamin B12 Folic acid ; - G $ Forteo injection Teriparatide ; $$$$$ PA Fortical nasal calcitonin salmon ; - G $$$$ Fortovase Saquinavir ; $$$$$ Fosamax Plus D Alendronate Cholecalciferol ; $$$$ Fosamax tablets only Alendronate ; $$$$ Fosamprenavir Lexiva ; $$$$$ Furadantin suspension Nitrofurantoin ; $$$$ Furosemide Lasix ; - G $ Fuzeon injection Enfuvirtide ; $$$$$ MD and vepesid. The Philippine Generic Drug Law of 1988 mandates that the labelling, prescription of drugs be done in generic or scientific nomenclature, with intention towards promotion of more affordable drugs and rational drug use. The use of generic terms in prescription lessens chances of medication errors. Pharmacists validating prescriptions and checking important patient and drug details help prevent errors. Some case examples are presented here. Mesulid vs Mellaril. The doctor prescribed Mesulid, without indicating nimesulide the generic name ; , the pharmacist gave Mellaril thioridazine ; instead. Patient hospitalized. Terbulin vs Theodur. A young asthmatic patient was given Theodur a trade name product containing theophylline ; by a doctor. On top of this, the doctor gave Terbulin, a fixed dosed combination product trade name ; mistakenly thinking that this is terbutaline alone but in fact contained theophylline as well. Patient went into theophylline toxicity, was hospitalized. EMB vs EMBR. Tuberculosis patient was prescribed quadruple antiKoch medications. The doctor abbreviated ethambutol as EMB but the patient was given instead the brand EMB a combination INH and ethambutol. Liver transaminases became elevated as the isoniazid dosage was more than necessary. Unclear expiry dates. A patient had died due to a serious illness. Being attributed was the hospital staff using alleged expired medicine. The hospital misinterpreted the marked expiry date as month-day-year where in fact, it should have been read as day-month-year. The national drug regulatory agency failed to note, and standardize labelling as manufacturing and expiry dates presentation may vary from country to country.
Background: New fluoroquinolones have potent activity in murine models of TB. We evaluated the activity of moxifloxacin Moxi ; vs. ethambutol EMB ; , both in combination with isoniazid I ; , rifampin R ; , and pyrazinamide Z ; . Methods: Adults with smear-positive pulmonary TB were enrolled at sites in N. America and Africa. In a factorial design, patients were randomized to Moxi-IRZ or EMB-IRZ given either 5 days week or 3 days week after 2 weeks of daily. Sputum cultures were obtained at weeks 2, 4, 6, and 8; the primary endpoint was culture conversion at 2 months. Results: 287 patients were eligible for the efficacy analysis: 194 67% ; were male, 179 62% ; were enrolled at African sites, 214 75% ; had cavitation on xray, and 62 22% ; had HIV infection, with no differences between arms. Two-month sputum culture conversion was similar in patients treated with Moxi-IRZ 70% ; and EMB-IRZ 69% ; , p 0.91. However, patients on Moxi-IRZ converted sputum cultures to negative more rapidly median - 43 days vs. 56 days for EMB-IRZ, p 0.03 ; . Dosing frequency had little effect on 2-month culture conversion or time to culture conversion. Patients treated with Moxi more often reported nausea 20% vs. 10%, p 0.02 ; , but similar proportions completed the study regimen 88% - MoxiIRZ vs. 89% - EMB-IRZ ; . Conclusions: Moxi in combination with IRZ did not significantly affect 2-month culture conversion, but did result in more rapid sputum culture conversion. These results show that Moxi has good activity against TB. Additional trials are needed to define the optimal role of Moxi in TB treatment and famciclovir.

Is pyogenic granuloma associated with Bartonella infection? Levy I., Rolain J.- M., Lepidi H., et al.; J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 53 6 1065-1066 ; , 2005 [Dr. I. Levy, Department of Infectious Diseases, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, 14 Kaplan St, Petah Tiqwa 49202, Israel] Ma L., Yang D., Wang Y.; J. Xi'An Jiaotong Univ. Med. Sci. 26 5 505-507 ; , 2005 [L. Ma, Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China] Davidsen J., Rosenkrands I., Christensen D., et al.; Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr. 1718 1-2 22-31 ; , 2005 [E.M. Agger, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Adjuvant Research, Statens Serum Institut, DK- 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark], for example, azithromycin ethambutol.
Continued from page 8 The diagnosis in 1995 of three additional cases one confirmed MDRTB; one preliminary MDRTB; and one suspected MRDTB ; in one month at WRAMC was an unusual occurrence. These three unrelated cases are described below. Case A A 66-year-old Filipino woman who resides with her active duty Army son-in-law on a nearby post. She was admitted into an isolation room in July, 1995 for suspicion of reactivated tuberculosis. She tested negative for HIV. Sputa collected July 22-27 were smear positive, 5 AFB per high power field. By August 7, 1995, MTB was growing on cultures. She was started on isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide with directly observed therapy. Sputa collected later in August were smear and culture negative. Due to technical difficulties in the laboratory, sensitivities were not available until October when resistance to isoniazid and rifampin and metronidazole. Estradiol . 34 estradiol transdermal. 34 ESTRING . 34 estropipate . 34 ESTROSTEP FE . 34 eethambutol . 12 ethosuximide.8 ethynodiol diacetate EE 1 35 Zovia 1 35 . ethynodiol diacetate EE 1 50 Zovia 1 50 . ETHYOL . 14 etodolac . 5, 12 etodolac ext-rel . 5, 12 etoposide. 14 EURAX. 15 EVISTA. 34 EVOXAC. 26 EXELON .9 FABRAZYME . 29 famotidine . 30 famotidine inj . 30 FAMVIR . 17 FARESTON . 35 FASLODEX . 35 FAZACLO . 16 FELBATOL .9 felodipine ext-rel. 22 FEMARA. 35 FEMHRT. 34 FEMRING . 34 fentanyl transdermal .5 fexofenadine . 40 FINACEA. 26 finasteride . 31 flecainide . 22 FLOLAN . 25 FLOMAX. 31 FLOVENT HFA . 41 FLOXIN OTIC. 39 floxuridine . 13 fluconazole 150 mg . 11 fluconazole inj . 11 fluconazole, except 150 mg . 11 FLUDARABINE 25 mg mL . 14 fludarabine phosphate . 14 fludrocortisone . 32 FLUNISOLIDE . 41 flunisolide spray. 41 48.
In the April 2006 report, the Office of the Auditor General reported that: "Manitoba Health has not sufficiently explored all avenues to improve the cost efficacy and effectiveness of Pharmacy, in order to manage the cost and growth of the program. While Manitoba Health has indicated that they have implemented some cost containment measures and implemented a federal provincial territorial Common Review process in December 2004, we are concerned that Manitoba Health has not sufficiently utilized its abundance of data in the Drug Program Information Network to analyze specific factors impacting Pharmacare costs in order to effectively manage and contain expenditures." The full report can be viewed at oag.mb . Please take the opportunity to review the report, or the Executive summary at the very least. The second phase of audit is now being conducted by the office of the Auditor General and involves the auditing of prescription records at selected pharmacies. Many pharmacy managers would have received a letter from the Registrar advising them of the authority and the limitation of the Auditor General's audit in their pharmacy. Should you have any questions about this second phase of the audit, please contact the Registrar and tamsulosin.

Exhibit 24. Evidence of prosecutor Christopher Cattran, Transcript, April 11, 2003, page 33, lines 25 - 26. Evidence of prosecutor Christopher Cattran, Transcript, April 11, 2003, page 35, line 35. Evidence of prosecutor Christopher Cattran, Transcript, April 11, 2003, page 35, lines 13 - 15. Evidence of Patrick McCartney, Transcript, March 5, 2003, page 57, lines 18 - 21. [Public] Exhibit 44, [Filed post hearing ] Health Canada "Personal Use Production Licence valid to 11 09 permitting a maximum of 117 plants indoor, and 0 plants outdoor." Evidence of prosecutor Christopher Cattran, Transcript, April 11, 2003, page 50, lines 26 - 30. OTHER HOSPITAL SERVICES: You are covered in full for the following services, regardless of the class of accommodations occupied, if they are necessary for the diagnosis and treatment of the condition for which you are hospitalized: Use of operating and recovery rooms and equipment Use of intensive care or special care units and equipment X-ray, laboratory and pathological examinations Use of cardiographic or endoscopic equipment and supplies Drugs and medicines for use in the hospital, which are commercially available for purchase and readily obtainable by the hospital Blood, use of blood transfusion equipment, and administration of blood or blood derivatives when given by a hospital employee Sera, biologicals, vaccines and intravenous preparations Anesthesia supplies and use of anesthesia equipment Oxygen and other inhalation therapeutic services and supplies Dressings and plaster casts Physical and occupational therapy and rehabilitation services and supplies Radiation and nuclear therapy in a facility approved by the appropriate governmental authorities Any additional medical services and supplies customarily provided by participating Hospitals, unless specifically excluded from the contract. MATERNITY CARE: Maternity benefits are provided for expenses incurred in a hospital for all females enrolled through the Plan. Regular hospital benefits will be provided for hospital stays involving any pregnancy-related condition, whether or not pregnancy is terminated. Additionally, benefits for routine nursery care of the newborn child are provided during the mother's covered hospital stay and ofloxacin.
Active efflux and metabolic transformation are two mechanisms that help mammalian cells control entry of a range of compounds Nelson et al., 1996 ; . P-gp is the product of the human ABCB1 formerly multidrug resistance 1 ; gene and a member of the ATPbinding cassette transporter family. This efflux protein transports recognized hydrophobic substrates from the inside to the outside of cells and is expressed at various sites that determine drug disposition such as intestinal enterocytes, blood-brain barrier endothelia, renal proximal tubular cells, and hepatic canalicular cells Thiebaut et al., 1987; Cordon-Cardo et al., 1990 ; . The cytochrome P450 superfamily plays an important role in the oxidative metabolism of numerous endogenous and exogenous compounds. More than 60% of currently marketed therapeutics are reported to undergo significant metabolism by the human CYP3A4 isoform in the intestine and or liver Li et al., 1995 ; . Expression of both ABCB1 and CYP3A4 can be regulated by nuclear receptor PXR, which binds to the enhancer region located 8 kb upstream from the transcriptional initiation sites of ABCB1 Geick et al., 2001 ; and CYP3A4 Goodwin et al., 1999 ; . PXR dimerizes with retinoid X receptor RXR ; and binds to direct repeats of AG G TCA with either a three-nucleotide gap DR3 ; , a four-nucleotide gap DR4 ; , or a five-nucleotide gap DR5 ; Table1 ; Blumberg et al., 1998 ; . The ABCB1 enhancer site was shown to contain two critical consensus half-sites in a DR4 arrangement which, upon mutation.