Ziac
Ventolin
Depakote
Tagamet
Quinine
Important Note to Pharmacists: Other drugs and agents may affect quinine pharmacokinetics. Because QT.
The rat glossopharyngeal nerve GL ; , which innervates posterior tongue taste buds, contains several physiologically defined taste fiber types; at least one type is primarily responsive to certain alkaloids such as quinine ; , and another is primarily responsive to acids and salts. In contrast, the chorda tympani CT ; , which innervates anterior tongue taste buds, does not appear to contain fibers that differentially respond to quinine relative to salts and acids. It was therefore predicted that GL transection should disrupt behavioral discriminations between quinine and either acids or salts. Water-restricted rats were trained to press one of two levers if a sampled taste stimulus was quinine 0.11.0 mM ; and the second lever if the sampled stimulus was KCl 0.11.0 M ; . Sham surgery, GL transection, and sublingual and submaxillary salivary gland extirpation were found to have no effect relative to presurgical performance. Both CT transection and combined GL and CT transection Taste buds in the rat are innervated by four branches of three cranial nerves. Although all of these branches respond to all of the classes of prototypical taste compounds, they are differentially sensitive to these sapid stimuli. The chorda tympani C T ; branch of the seventh nerve, which innervates tastes buds on the anterior tongue, is noted for its sensitivity to sodium salts and acids, whereas this nerve responds poorly to sugars and alkaloids Pfaffmann, 1955; Frank et al., 1983; Boudreau et al., 1985; Nejad, 1986; Dahl et al., 1997; Harada et al., 1997 ; . The greater superficial petrosal branch of the seventh nerve GSP ; , which innervates palatal taste buds, responds strongly to sugars but modestly to alkaloids such as quinine ; and salts Nejad, 1986; Nejad and Beidler, 1987; Harada et al., 1997; Sollars and Hill, 1997 ; . The lingualtonsilar branch of the ninth nerve GL ; innervates the remaining lingual taste buds. Relative to the branches of the facial nerve, the GL has the strongest response to quinine, responds as. Derived from: Cinchona tree cinchona pubescens ; part used: Bark active ingredient: Quinine. Quiniine and. EMT-I Establish IV access, if condition indicates. Consider intubation if condition indicates. EMT-P Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat as needed. Atropine 2-5 mg IV q 15-30 min or until oral secretions are maintained under control, for example, quinine hair.
In January 2005, Datacorp completed a social indicator and gap analysis study Minugh, Lomuto, & Breeden, 2005 ; . The study found that Laramie County had demonstrable treatment need, especially for drug abuse. Several crime and health indicators were used to create an overall Drug Problem Severity Index D-PSI ; of treatment need. Specifically, this included direct drug-related arrests, indirect drug-related arrests, drug-related hospital discharges, Hepatitis B and C, and STD's.
Agranulocytosis has been reported rarely hepatic effects hepatocellular cholestatic hepatotoxicity, which appeared to be a hypersensitivity reaction to oral quinine, has been reported very rarely and rebetol.
Quinine hypersensitivity
Family: rubiaceae common name s ; : red bark , peruvian bark , jesuit's bark , china bark , cinchona bark , quina-quina , fever tree clinical overview uses of quinine quinine has been used for the treatment of malaria and associated febrile states, leg cramps caused by vascular spasm, internal hemorrhoids, varicose veins, and pleural cavities after thoracoplasty and ribavirin. Atovaquone ATQ ; , a hydroxynapthaquinone, is a member of a novel class of antimalarials first described in the 1920s. ATQ is an analog of ubiquinone, which selectively inhibits parasite mitochondrial electron transport. ATQ has similar activity against both chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum isolates. However, when ATQ is used as monotherapy, resistance develops rapidly. ATQ displays in vitro antagonism with artemisinin compounds and quinolines but synergy with proguanil and tetracycline. Proguanil displays its synergistic activity with ATQ even in the context of documented proguanil resistance. The fixed drug combination Malarone tablet: 250 mg ATQ and 100 mg proguanil ; is licensed in Canada for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria, but it is not currently licensed for chemoprophylaxis. Compared with other standard antimalarial regimens, the ATQ proguanil combination has demonstrated excellent safety and tolerance with fewer reported adverse events than mefloquine and quinine plus tetracycline. During treatment, the most frequent adverse events are those associated with the gastrointestinal tract. Approximately 8% to 15% of adults and children will experience nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain or diarrhea, and in 5% to 10% there will be transient, asymptomatic elevations in transaminases and amylase. Serious adverse events associated with ATQ proguanil are rare. One episode of anaphylaxis has been attributed to this combination. Three patients experienced convulsions 2 to 5 days after initiation of therapy, each with a history of seizure disorders. ATQ has been associated with fever and rash in HIVinfected patients, requiring discontinuation of therapy. It has been shown to be teratogenic in rabbits but not in rat models FDA category C drug ; . Pregnancy and hypersensitivity to either component are the only contraindications to ATQ proguanil. Malaria is a parasitic disease caused by four species of the protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae in humans. P. falciparum is the most virulent form of the four. Several drugs, including chloroquine and quinine, are used for the treatment of malaria; however, P. falciparum has developed resistance to most antimalarial agents, such as chloroquine. Therefore in order to overcome malaria, the genome project of P. falciparum has been completed [1]. Potential drug target molecules are currently being discussed [2]. The life cycle of the malaria parasite is complex, with several stages [3]. Soon after a bite by an infected Anopheles mosquito, sporozoites invade hepatocytes. Intense asexual division, termed exoerythrocytic schizogony, occurs in the liver, and up to 40 000 merozoites are generated after schizont rupture. Merozoites invade erythrocytes and additional rounds of asexual replication, a pathogenic phase of malaria, termed erythrocytic schizogony, takes place. Some merozoites arrest their cell cycle to differentiate into male or female gametocytes gametogenesis ; , which are infectious to the Anopheles mosquitoes. Thus cellular differentiation is an important process in the life cycle of the malaria parasite. Intracellular cyclic nucleotides cAMP and cGMP play a pivotal role in the growth and differentiation of this organism, acting as second-messenger molecules. For example, cGMP sig and requip.
Quinine recall
Comment The findings from this community-based incidence study suggest that the burden of P. falciparum malaria is substantial in endemic areas in Bangladesh. Children appear to be heavily affected. The study was not able to define incidence of malaria due to other parasites, including Plasmodium vivax, which likely contribute substantially to the overall burden of malaria. There may be a need to examine healthcare for people living in endemic communities to determine whether malaria is recognized and optimally managed. Limited data were previously available on mosquito biting behaviour in Bangladesh. As in neighbouring countries, A. minimus and A. dirus were the predominant anopheles mosquitoes. Knowledge of prevalent malaria-transmitting mosquitoes is relevant for prevention interventions. A. minimus and A. dirus are early evening and early morning feeders as shown in this study and elsewhere 6 ; , in contrast to A. gambiae sensu lato mosquitoes, which tend to feed from midnight to early morning in most sub-Saharan African countries, where community-based disease control interventions using insecticide-treated nets ITNs ; have been reported to be effective 7 ; . In South Asian countries, ITN interventions might be effective if they are combined with other disease control techniques such as early and effective case-management of uncomplicated malaria in endemic communities, and with vector control. Since 1994, two insecticides, malathion 57% EC ; for indoor residual spray and deltamethrin 2.5% EC ; for treatment of bed-nets, have been used for malaria vector control on a limited scale in Bangladesh. Drug resistance of malaria parasites has been reported to be emerging in Bangladesh 7, 8 ; . According to national guidelines, uncomplicated malaria due to P. falciparum and P. vivax is treated with chloroquine 25 mg kg body weight ; in a 3-day regimen followed by primaquine 45 mg for adults ; in a single dose. For severe malaria cases, treatment with parental quinine quinine dihydrochloride, 10 mg kg bodyweight ; is felt to be effective. During epidemics, health workers are to be trained to detect severe malaria cases and to give a first dose of quinine injection IM ; prior to referral to hospital. A study conducted in 1997 in Ramu, Cox's Bazaar district found a 56% treatment failure in a 28-day test in patients aged 12-60 years treated with chloroquine 9 ; . The second-line regimen three doses of quinine + one dose of sulfadoxine pyrimethamine ; was associated with a treatment failure rate of 21% 95% CI, 15-29% ; in the same location. Malaria and poverty are thought to be tightly linked--impoverished people are at greatest risk of malaria, and malaria tends to depress economic development and sustains poverty 10 ; . Malaria remains a substantial threat to health and to poverty reduction in Bangladesh and ropinirole. The doctor precribed quinine sulfate for the cramps and vioxx 25mg and darvocet.
26. Jones RD and Morice AH. The effects of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N nitro- Larginine methyl ester on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Eur J Pharmacol 402: 111-117, 2000. Kambayashi Y, Bardhan S, Tahahashi K, Tsuzuki S, Inui H, Hamakubo T, and Inagami T. Molecular cloning of a novel angiotensin II receptor isoform involved in phosphotyrosine phosphatase inhibition. J Biol Chem 268: 24543-24546, 1993. Klingbeil AU, John S, Schneider MP, Jacobi J, Handrock R and Schmeider RE. Effect of AT1 receptor blockade on endothelial function in essential hypertension. J Hypertens 16: 123-128, 2003. Li H, Oehrlein T, Wallerath I, Ihrig-Biedert I, Wohlfart P, Ulshfer T, Jessen T, Herget T, Frstermann U, and Kleinert H. Activation of protein kinase C alpha and or epsilon enhances transcription of the human endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene. Mol Pharmacol 53; 630-637, 1998. Moore A, Heiderstady N, Huang E, Howell N, Wang Z-Q, Siragy H, and Carey R. Selective inhibition of the renal angiotensin type 2 receptor increases blood pressure in conscious rats. Hypertension 37: 1285-1291, 2001. Morrell NW, Morris KG, and Stenmark KR. Role of angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin II in development of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 38: H1186-H1194, 1995. 32. Olson SC, Dowds TA, Pino P, Barry M, and Burke-Wolin TA. Ang II stimulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase in bovine pulmonary artery endothelium. J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 272: L315-L321, 1997 and tretinoin.
Quinine water drug side effects
Quinine sulf capKregenow, F. M . 1981 . Osmoregulatory salt transporting mechanisms : control of cell volume in anisotonic media . Annu. Rev . Physiol . 43 : 493-505 . Lew, V . L., and H . G Ferreira . 1978 . Calcium transport and the properties of a calciumactivated potassium channel in red cell membranes . Curr. Top . Membr. Transp. 10 : 217-277 . Lichtman, A. H ., G . Segel, and M . A Lichtman. 1980 . Tota l and exchangeable calcium in lymphocytes : effects of PHA and A23187 .J. Supramol. Struct. 14 : 65-75 . MacKnight, A. D . C., and A. Leaf. 1977 . Regulation of cellular volume . Physiol. Rev. 57: 510573 . Pressman, B . C . 1976 . Biological applications of ionophores . Annu. Rev. Biochem . 46 : 501-530 . Reichstein, E., and A . Rothstein . 1980 . Effects of quinine on Ca-induced K + efflux from human red blood cells . J. Membr. Biol . 59 : 57-63 . Rink, T . J ., A Sanchez, S . Grinstein, and A . Rothstein . 1983 . Volume restoration in osmotically swollen lymphocytes does not involve changes in cytoplasmic pH or free Ca" concentration . Biochim . Biophys. Acta . 762 : 593-596 . Roti-Roti, L . W ., and A. Rothstein . 1973 . Adaptation of mouse leukemic cells L5178Y ; to anisotonic media . I . Cell volume regulation . Exp. Cell . Res. 79 : 295-310 . Sarkadi, B., and G . Gardos . 1984 . Calcium-induced potassium transport in cell membranes . In The Enzymes of Biological Membranes . Second edition . A . Martonosi, editor. In press. Segel, G . B ., G. Cokelet, and M . A Lichtman . 1981 . The measurement of lymphocyte volume : importance of reference, particle deformability and counting solution tonicity . Blood . 57 : 894-899 . Spring, K . R ., and A . C Ericson . 1982 . Epithelial cell volume modulation and regulation . J. Membr. Biol. 69: 167-176 . Szasz, I ., B. Sarkadi, and G. Gardos . 1981 . Calcium sensitivity of calcium-dependent functions in human red blood cells . Adv. Physiol. Sci . 6 : 211-221 and retrovir.Side effects of quinine sulfComplicated falciparum malaria Defined by the presence of one of the following complications: Impaired conscious level, renal failure, respiratory distress syndrome, haemorrhage, severe anaemia, shock, haemoglobinuria, hypoglycaemia, fits, prostration, parasitaemia 2%, jaundice, hyperpyrexia or continued vomiting. Inform Senior member of staff Different complications require different strategies and some patients may require ITU assessment transfer or other appropriate referral Repeat investigations as appropriate: U&Es other biochemistry within 12-24 hours, and as appropriate thereafter. Glucose: 2 hourly BM stix on those on quibine or in pregnancy. FBC within 12-24 hours, and as appropriate thereafter. Malarial parasites with %parasitaemia ; within 12-24 hours, and as appropriate thereafter All patients should have IV Quinine. If unavailable quinidine may be used, see below ; . 2uinine Dose: Give a loading dose * of quinibe 20 mg kg over 4 hours, then 10 mg kg in 250mls dextrose over 4 hours every 8 hours. When patient able to take oral 2uinine switch to oral regime complete 7 days total ; If possible, check quinine levels to ensure adequate dose is given therapeutic range 10-15mg ml ; . If renal or hepatic dysfunction, halve the dose of quinine to 5mg kg after 24 hours. If quinine unavailable, give Quinidine: Loading dose 15mg kg over 4 hours * , then 7.5mg kg 8 hourly * Do not give a loading dose in patients who have taken quinine or mefloquine in the preceding 24 hours and rifater. | Quinine fda recallDrug Quiniine sulphate 200 mg tablets Quinnine sulphate 300 mg tablets Quinine bisulphate 300 mg tablets Age 16 years onwards 16 years onwards 16 years onwards Dose Take one tablet at night * . Take one tablet at night * . Take one tablet at night * . Quantity 28 tablets 28 tablets 28 tablets.Quinine loperamide blood brain barrier |
260 mgms quinine sulfate
Before taking these drugs, patients should tell the physician about any of these conditions: allergies anyone who has had unusual reactions to infertility drugs in the past should let his or her physician know before taking the drugs again. We're finding that drug companies distorted clinical trials, withheld information from the fda, and then suppressed negative studies that would have shown quite clearly the correlation between antidepressants and violent behavior suicides.
That evaluated herbal medicine combined with conventional therapy, six tested herbal preparations showed additional benefit from the combination therapy compared with conventional monotherapy. No serious adverse events from the herbal medicines were reported. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Some herbal medicines may improve the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. However, positive findings from less rigorous trials should be interpreted with caution due to inadequate methodology, small sample sizes, and lack of confirming data. Some herbal medicines deserve further examination in high-quality trials. Andrews, T. 2002 ; . The Management of Breathlessness in Palliative Care. Nursing Standard, 16 17 ; , 43-55. Cox, c. 2002 ; . Non-pharmacological Treatment of Breathlessness. Nursing Standard, 16 24 ; , 33-36. Jevon, P. & Ewns, B. 2001 ; . Assessment of a Breathless Patient. Nursing Standard, 15 16 ; , 48-54. Krishnas, M., Corner, J., Bredin, M.MA., Plant, H., & Bailey, C. 2001 ; . Cancer Nursing Practice Development: Understanding Breathlessness. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 10 1 ; , 103-108. LaDuke, S. 2001 ; . Terminal Dyspnea & Pallative Care: Patient Deaths are Inevitable. American Journal of Nursing, 101 11 ; , 26-31. Pazdur, R., Coia, L., Hoskins, W.J., & Wagman, L.D. 2002 ; . Sixth Edition Cancer Management: A Multidisciplinary Approach, Medical, Surgical & Radiation Oncology. PRR, Inc., Melville, N.Y. Wickham, P 2002 ; . Dyspnea: Recognizing and Managing an Invisible Problem. Oncology Nursing Forum, 29 6 ; , 925933. Reuben, D. & Mor, V. 1996 ; . Dyspnea in Terminally Ill Cancer Patients. CHEST, 89 2 ; , 234-236. Ripamonti, C. & Bruera, E. 1997 ; . Dyspnea: Pathophysiology and Assessment. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 12 4 ; , 220-232. Tarzian, A. 2000 ; . Caring for Dying Patients Who Have Air Hunger. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 23 2 ; , 137-143. Twycross, R. & Wilcock, A. 2001 ; Symptom Management in Advanced Cancer. Oxford, Radcliffe Medical Press. Wickham, P. 2002 ; . Dyspnes: Recognizing and Managing an Invisible Problem. Oncology Nursing Forum, 29 6 ; , 925933. Yarbro, C.H., Frogge, M.H. & Goodman, M. 2000 ; . Cancer symptom management: Patient self-care guides 2nd ed. ; . London: Jones and Bartlett, because quinine fluorescence.
Forty-eight acyclic nucleoside phosphonates putative prodrugs of acyclic nucleoside triphosphate inhibitors of DNA replication ; have been evaluated for in vitro antiplasmodial activity. Only certain purine derivatives with a hydroxyl group attached to the acyclic sugar moiety displayed antiplasmodial activity. The two most active analogs were S ; -9- ; adenine S ; -HPMPA, IC50 0.18 + -0.07 microM ; and S ; -3-deaza-HPMPA IC50 0.29 + -0.08 microM ; . Their cyclic derivatives, containing an ester bond between the phosphonate and the hydroxyl group, were slightly less active. All tested compounds that lacked the hydroxyl group, including potent antiretrovirus analogs such as 9- 2phosphonylmethoxyethyl ; adenine PMEA ; and the S ; -HPMPA derivatives R ; -PMPA and S ; -FPMPA, did not show any activity, even at very high concentrations 250 microM ; . Similarly, pyrimidine analogs of S ; HPMPA, such as S ; -HPMPT, S ; -HPMPU and the anti-herpesvirus analog S ; -1- ; cytosine S ; -HPMPC ; , were devoid of any antiplasmodial activity. In addition, 11 acyclic nucleoside non-phosphorylated ; analogs--which in contrast to the acyclic nucleoside phosphonates require the presence of a monophosphorylating enzyme for the first activation step--were tested. None of them inhibited the growth of the parasite. In short three chemical entities seem to be imperative for antiplasmodial activity: a purine base, a hydroxyl group in the acyclic side chain and a phosphonate group terminating this chain. 10985079 Staerk D, Lemmich E, Christensen J, Kharazmi A, Olsen CE, Jaroszewski JW Leishmanicidal, antiplasmodial and cytotoxic activity of indole alkaloids from Corynanthe pachyceras. Planta Med. 2000 Aug; 66 6 ; : 531-6. Five indole alkaloids, corynantheidine, corynantheine, dihydrocorynantheine, alpha-yohimbine and corynanthine were isolated from bark of Corynanthe pachyceras K. Schum. Rubiaceae ; . The structures were established by spectroscopic methods, including previously unreported assignment of all 1H-NMR resonances by COSY and NOESY experiments. These and related alkaloids showed pronounced activity against Leishmania major promastigotes IC50 at the micromolar level ; but no significant in vitro antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum ; . Cytotoxicity assessed with drug sensitive KB-3-1 and multidrug-resistant KB-V1 cell lines was low; the alkaloids are apparently not substrates for the P-glycoprotein P-170 ; efflux pump. 12096003 Steele JC, Phelps RJ, Simmonds MS, Warhurst DC, Meyer DJ Two novel assays for the detection of haemin-binding properties of antimalarials evaluated with compounds isolated from medicinal plants. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2002 Jul; 50 1 ; : 25-31. Forty-two compounds isolated from nine plants used within South America for the treatment of malaria were tested for haemin binding using two novel, rapid screening methods. The data obtained were analysed with respect to IC 50 ; values for in vitro toxicity to Plasmodium falciparum trophozoites. One method, a multiwell assay based on the inhibition of the interaction of haemin with glutathione GSH ; , is sensitive in the 10 microM range, takes c. 1 h and is suitable for either a high throughput screen or rapid assay during natural product isolation. Of 19 compounds showing antiplasmodial activity IC 50 ; 40 microM ; , 16 84% ; showed 40% inhibition of GSH-haemin reaction. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay were 0.85 and 0.82, respectively. The positive predictive value was 0.81 and the negative predictive value 0.86. A more sensitive assay 0.1 microM range ; is based on the reversal by haemin-binding compounds of the haemin inhibition of the L-dopachrome-methyl ester tautomerase activity of human macrophage migration inhibitory factor. This assay gives a better idea of the affinity of interaction and uses very small amounts of test compound. The log[RI 50 ; ] of eight of the compounds that tested positive in the above assays together with those of quinine and chloroquine showed a positive correlation with log[antiplasmodial IC 50 ; ] for strain T9-96 r 0.824 ; and strain K1 r 0.904 ; . Several of the antimalarial compounds that bind haemin are isoquinolines, a class not shown previously to interact with haemin. 11809075 Steele JC, Veitch NC, Kite GC, Simmonds MS, Warhurst DC Indole and beta-carboline alkaloids from Geissospermum sericeum. J Nat Prod. 2002 Jan; 65 1 ; : 85-8. The indole alkaloid geissoschizoline 1 ; and two new derivatives, geissoschizoline N 4 ; -oxide 2 ; and 1, 2dehydrogeissoschizoline 3 ; , were obtained from the bark of Geissospermum sericeum together with the beta-carboline alkaloid flavopereirine 4 ; . The in vitro antiplasmodial activity of these compounds was evaluated in chloroquine-resistant K1 ; and chloroquine-sensitive T9-96 ; Plasmodium falciparum. Their cytotoxicity was determined in a human KB ; cell line. 10190183 Steele JC, Warhurst DC, Kirby GC, Simmonds MS and rebetol.
Drugs currently used to treat parkinson's disease make movement easier and can prolong function for many years.
Dosage and administration quinine can be given by the oral, intravenous or intramuscular routes. Received 157 reports of health problems related to quinine use, including 23 that resulted in death!
Tetraehylammonium TEA ; was from Research Biochemicals International RBI, Oakville, ON, Canada quinine was obtained from ICN Biomedicals Inc. California, USA iberiotoxin IBX ; was purchased from Bachem Torrence, CA., USA ; . Clotrimazole was dissolved in methanol, and all other agents were dissolved in water. Solutions with 4-AP were titrated with HCl to maintain a pH of 7.4. Statistics. Results were expressed as means SEM. Data were compared using a two. This use has fueled the natural product market and more people are looking for natural quinine bark as an alternative to the synthesized prescription drugs for this purpose.
Children who are febrile and who are very sick - ie have any of the indications for admission see Paediatric Rules, p.286 ; or who are unconscious or convulsing the latter situation loosely categorised as `cerebral malaria' - though the WHO definition specifies the presence of impaired consciousness for more than one hour after the fit ; . These children are treated with Treatment B1 or B2. They are also usually treated for meningitis with chloramphenicol until this diagnosis has been excluded by a CSF examination. Note: In the old regimen, parenteral quinine is followed by three days of oral quinine - plus Fansidar and primaquine. Thus, total duration of quinine therapy is not 3 days - but may be 4-7 days. This aspect of treatment has often been overlooked. Figure 3. Normal saccharin preference and quinine avoidance in Maoa-KO mice. Data are expressed as mean + SEM. Saccharin, 0.003% 30 mg ml ; : WT, n 10, KO, n 9; 0.03% 300 mg ml ; : WT, n 6, KO, n 6; quinine, 100 mM : WT, n 10, KO, n 10; 1000 mM : WT, n 6, KO, n 6. Ratios higher and lower than 0.5 indicate preference and avoidance, respectively.
Quinine origins
Osteopath leicester, gene pool music, melatonin blood pressure, lassa viruses and cystic fibrosis organizations. Nail care tips, environmental protection agency website, obesity essay and osteopenia lumbar or migraine prodrome.
Bulk quinine bark
Quinine hypersensitivity, quinine recall, quinine water drug side effects, quinine sulf cap and side effects of quinine sulf. Quinine fda recall, quinine loperamide blood brain barrier, 260 mgms quinine sulfate and quinine origins or bulk quinine bark.