Ziac
Ventolin
Depakote
Tagamet
Psilocybin
These words. "Our country was so lovely and rich", she wrote. "God please let peace come to my country so that we can live from our own work and live in love with our neighbours no matter what their religion or nationality." MSF is known the world over for the tremendous work performed by its medical staff, often under the most hazardous circumstances. Tanya Shutruck has been working as a financial controller with MSF in Lazaire, Afghanistan. Tanya left Canada in February of this year on her first mission with MSF. Just recently she has had to be evacuated from Lazaire, across the border to Pakistan because of high insecurity due to fighting between the Taliban and the forces of local warlords in Afghanistan. But in Lazaire MSF continues to support health clinics in 3 refugee camps which are also used by the local population. The Afghan health care system is in poor condition and women suffer terrible exclusion and discrimination. Tanya, a Winnipeg native, brings to MSF experience in overseas volunteer work and skills in accounting marketing. Earlier she had worked as a volunteer researcher at a women's project in Columbia while studying Spanish and while at the University of Manitoba, she had taken part in a program to help foreign students improve their language, their English and to adapt to life in Canada. Jacques Tremblay is currently on his third mission from MSF in North Korea; his team runs therapeutic feeding centres and trains local health staff in the treatment of severe malnutrition. MSF is also coordinating efforts for supplementary feeing programs for severely malnourished children in North Korea. As head of the MSF mission, Jacques' team is attempting to ascertain the extent of malnutrition in 3 of North Korea's provinces. On previous missions, Jacques worked as MSF administration coordinator in Liberia and as head of mission in Cheznia. No doubt he would have been surprised when he was studying accounting in Montreal to discover he would become such a world traveller. Dr. Lesley Shanks is once again head of an MSF mission in the Great Lakes region of Central Africa, this time in Ghoma. She was part of the first emergency medical team to arrive in the former Zaire last autumn joining the rebel war against the Kinsashu regime. That conflict triggered the flight of almost a million Rwandan refugees in Zairian civilians. Dr. Shanks had been in this area previously in 1994, having worked with refugees in the camps north of Goma following the genocide in Rwanda. Her gruelling days treating refugees with dysentery, cholera and meningitis have been chronicled in a TV documentary for TV Ontario. Her first mission for MSF was in Zagreb in early 1994. A native of Barrie, Ontario, Dr. Shanks resides in Kingston when she is home where she did her medical training at Queen's University. Marilyn McCarg, a nurse working with MSF in the African country of Sudan, related recently the lengths that she and her team must go to in saving lives. They trek through regions of Sudan where there are simply no roads left. At times they must wade through marshes, up to the waist to reach critically ill patients. You rarely see pictures of it on the daily newspapers, but Sudan has been in a state of actual civil war for 30 of the last 41 years. Over one and a half million people have died in the war and thousands of civilians have fled their homes. The survivors have been plagued by a series of illnesses including Tuberculosis which Marilyn and her team treat in tiny primitive clinics under the trees in south Sudan and their work is meeting with a degree of success. Few people have suffered like the Sudanese and yet in the midst of this almost unimaginable hardship, you find volunteers like Nurse Marilyn McCarg. CECI, the Canadian Centre for International Studies and Cooperation, is based in 8. This drug works by blocking the enzyme in your body that makes prostaglandins, for instance, psilocybin mushroom spores. GUIDELINE NOTES FOR THE APRIL 29, 2003 PRIORITIZED LIST OF HEALTH SERVICES Diagnosis: CANCER OF PANCREAS, TREATABLE Treatment: MEDICAL AND SURGICAL THERAPY, WHICH INCLUDES CHEMOTHERAPY AND RADIATION THERAPY Line: 502 Retreatment with chemotherapy after failure from the first full course of chemotherapy places the patient in the less than 5% chance of survival category. See line 693, Cancer of Various Sites Where Treatment Will Not Result in a 5% Five-Year Survival. Diagnosis: CANCER OF GALLBLADDER AND OTHER BILIARY, TREATABLE Treatment: MEDICAL AND SURGICAL THERAPY, WHICH INCLUDES CHEMOTHERAPY AND RADIATION THERAPY Line: 503 Retreatment with chemotherapy after failure from the first full course of chemotherapy places the patient in the less than 5% chance of survival category. See line 693, Cancer of Various Sites Where Treatment Will Not Result in a 5% Five-Year Survival. Diagnosis: DENTAL CONDITIONS E.G. DENTAL CARIES, FRACTURED TOOTH ; Treatment: BASIC RESTORATIVE Line: 507 Composites for primary teeth will be reimbursed at the same rate as amalgams and choice of material left to provider CDT codes D2380, D2381, D2382 ; . Posterior composites for permanent teeth will be reimbursed at the same rate as amalgams CDT codes D2385, D2386, D2387 ; . Diagnosis: DENTAL CONDITIONS E.G. SEVERE TOOTH DECAY ; Treatment: STABILIZATION OF PERIODONTAL HEALTH, COMPLEX RESTORATIVE, AND REMOVABLE PROSTHODONTICS Line: 508 Only for the treatment of severe drug-induced hyperplasia CDT code D4210, D4211 ; . To be used in conjunction with making a prosthesis CDT codes D7470, D7970 ; . Limited to two reimbursements CDT codes D5850, D5851 ; . Must have four or more missing posterior teeth per arch with resulting space equivalent to that loss demonstrating inability to masticate CDT codes D5110, D5120, D5130, D5140, D5213, D5214 ; . By Report CDT codes D4210 ; . Payable once every two years CDT codes D5730, D5731, D5740, D5741, D5750, D5751, D5760, D5761 ; . Payable only when there are pockets of 5 mm greater CDT code 04341 ; . Diagnosis: UTERINE PROLAPSE; CYCTOCELE Treatment: SURGICAL REPAIR Line: 521 Hysterectomy for pelvic organ prolapse may be indicated when all of the following are documented 1-5 ; : 1. Patient history of symptoms of pelvic prolapse such as: a. Complaints of the pelvic organs prolapsing at least to the introitus b. Low back discomfort or pelvic pressure c. Difficulty in defecating d. Difficulty in voiding 2. Nonmalignant cervical cytology, if cervix is present 3. Assessment for absence of endometrial malignancy in the presence of abnormal bleeding 4. Physical examination is consistent with patient's symptoms of pelvic support defects indicating either symptomatic prolapse of the cervix, enterocele, cystocele, rectocele or prolapse of the vaginal vault 5. Negative preoperative pregnancy test unless patient is postmenopausal or has been previously sterilized Diagnosis: DENTAL CONDITIONS E.G. TOOTH LOSS ; Treatment: SPACE MAINTENANCE AND PERIODONTAL MAINTENANCE Line: 528 By Report CDT codes D4240, D4260.
NARCOTICS Product Names: Heroin, morphine, codeine, Dilaudid, Demerol, Percodan, Methadone. Symptoms of use: Lethargy, drowsiness, euphoria, nausea, constipation, constricted pupils, slowed breathing. Potential Consequences: HIV infection, heart or respiratory problems, mood swings, chronic constipation, tremors, toxic psychosis, high potential for addiction. HALLUCINOGENS Product names: LSD lysergic acid diethylamide ; , PCP phencyclidine ; , DMT dimethyltryptamine ; , Mescaline, MDA methylenedioxyamphetamine ; , psilocybin, MDMA methylenedioxymethamphetamine ; . Symptoms of use: trance-like state, excitation, euphoria, increased pulse rate, insomnia, hallucinations. Potential consequences: impaired judgment and coordination can result in greater risk for injury, self-inflicted injury, violent behavior, paranoia, depression or anxiety, unpredictable flashbacks. ETHYL ALCOHOL for youth ; Product names: beer, gin, vodka, bourbon, whiskey, liqueurs, wine, brandy, champagne, rum, sherry, port, coolers.
Psychotropic medications, especially ssri andtidepressants, may also cause abrupt behavior, personality, and mood alterations with aggressive outbursts and suicidal impulsivity.
Psilocybin was usually administered from ten to thirteen milligrams and ranitidine.
Mushrooms containing psilocybin are less common then other drugs only because of the difficulty of growing and storing.
Cocaine NP Opioids Ps9locybin Tranquilizers Ketamine Other Amphet. Methamphetamine OxyContin LSD Heroin DXM 199 207 173 ; 51.0% ; 43.0% ; 34.3% ; 27.9% ; 25.6% ; 22.6% ; 16.2% ; 14.5% ; 6.2% ; 6.0 and relafen.
Able to do any research of these "magical mushrooms." Then in the 1950's synthetic psilocybin was developed, and sparked the first real interest in using it as a tool in psychotherapy. The dried mushrooms can be used for months. It is still uncertain how the drug works, and contrary to what many people think, it isn't the mushroom itself that is the drug, but rather a certain chemical that is found to be naturally produced in it. Contrary to other hallucinogenic drugs, "shrooms" do not create a physical dependence; however, it still does cause many problems, such as panic attacks, and other similarly related problems that you find with all hallucinogenic drugs. An additional problem with shrooms is that it is impossible to determine what is an appropriate dose, because each mushroom is different, in addition to the fact that there are several poisonous species that look very similar to the mushrooms containing psilocybin.
Important steps to improve diabetes care include these: community awareness of lifestyle modifica- tions necessary to reduce risk, appropriate screen- ing for diabetes among those at highest risk, and promotion and adherence to diabetes standards of care. to be effective, education and medical manage- ment must be tailored to the individual, taking into consideration age, socioeconomic status, and cultural and religious affiliations. By recognizing the needs of individuals with type 2 diabetes throughout the life span, the health professional is better prepared to offer appropriate treatment and guidance and remeron.
Routine Investigations with COPD Pulmonary Function Tests PFTs ; are typically done on a regular basis to monitor the changes to the patient's respiratory function. While treatment usually doesn't change these values, the deterioration in lung function can be slowed. Ongoing monitoring can indicate the rate of deterioration. In the event of a COPD exacerbation, blood gas values are usually performed as well as chest x-rays. These give indicators of the level of acute respiratory dysfunction but are not good indicators of the patient's overall lung health.
Toxic effects of herbal medicines range from allergic reaction to cardiovascular, hepatic, renal, neurologic, and dermatologic toxic effects. Although ginseng is considered safe, the toxicity of ginseng has been reported in the literature. See Table 4 for common toxic reactions to herbal medicine and risperdal.
The procedure was applied to the determination of psilocin and psilocybin in three australian species of hallucinogenic mushroom.
TAB. 1 - CONCENTRATION OF ALKALOIDS IN DRIED FRUIT BODIES OF PSILOCYBE BOHEMICA FROM THE GARDEN CULTURE SAMPLES 1-6 ; AND FROM THE CULTIVATION ON RICE GRAIN SAMPLES 7-12 ; . Sample 1 2 3 ; 1.Flush ; 9 2.Flush ; 10 2.Flush ; 11 3.Flush ; 12 3.Flush ; Psilocybiin 0.34 0.55 0.91 Baeocystin % ; 0.03 0.01 0.02 Psilocin 0.02 0.01 TAB. 2 - CONTENT OF INDOLE DERIVATIVES IN DRIED MUSHROOMS OF PSILOCYBE CYANESCENS FROM THE U.S.A. % ; . SAMPLES 1-5, 1984; 6-10, ; . Sample 1 2 3 Psilodybin 0.72 0.52 0.41 Baeocystin 0.03 0.02 Psilocin 0.93 0.23 0.32 as in mushrooms of Psilocybe bohemica with the form and size of the spores. But the macroscopic feature of Psilocybe bohemica differs sharply to the fruit bodies from the other locations. I never found any wavy caps in Psilocybe bohemica and there were also differences in the colour of the stems as well as in the striate margins which were seen only in this species. In contrast to KRIEGLSTEINER 1984, 1986 ; I was able to study Psilocybe bohemica and the other collections from Europe and the U.S.A. as fresh fruit bodies at the locations and think that there are three different species. Additionally, during crossing experiments, complete reproductive barriers have been found between monokaryons of Psilocybe bohemica and Psilocybe cyanescens, U.S.A. Both are autonomous species which do not form hybrid dikaryons. In contrast to these results, monokaryons of the collections from Austria and Germany formed dikaryons together and all features were also identically. High concentrations of psilocybin and even higher amounts of psilocin were detected in all extracts of Psilocybe cyanescens from the U.S.A. Table 2 ; . The results confirmed the opinion that collections of Psilocybe cyanescens from North America are very potent hallucinogenic mushrooms BEUG & BIGWOOD, 1982 ; . In contrast to the relative Psilocybe azurescens GARTZ, 1995 ; only minor amounts of baeocystin were found. These concentrations were similar to other published results REPKE et al., 1977 ; . It seems that the levels of the unstable substance psilocin decreased during storage. The samples form 1984 were analysed 3 years later, the others only a few days after harvesting. I was also able to find the abundant, capitate pleurocystidia only in the collections from the U.S.A. The content of the alkaloids in cultured basidiocarps of Psilocybe cyanescens U.S.A. ; was in the same order of magnitude as that found in naturally grown mushrooms Table 3 ; . A photo of such a cultivation was already published GARTZ, 1993 b ; The amount of psilocybin ranged form 0, 22% to 0, 34% by dry weight in 5 different mycelia of Psilocybe cyanescens U.S.A. ; grown on 4% malt agar. Interestingly, in contrast to the fruit bodies from wet rice grain no other indole derivatives could be detected in extracts. These differences in the indolic composition of mycelia without fruiting and in cultivated mushrooms were also found earlier in Psilocybe bohemica GARTZ & MUELLER, 1989 ; , Conocybe cyanopus ATK. ; KUEHNER GARTZ, 1991 ; , Galerina steglichii BESL and Psilocybe natalensis GARTZ, REID, SMITH & EICKER GARTZ, 1995 ; . Like Psilocybe cyanescens from the U.S.A. all collections from Europe displayed a strong blueing reaction, despite the fact that levels of psilocin in these mushrooms are very low Table 4 ; . From 1960 on, it was found that only psilocin can be oxidized into products of bluish-green colour GARTZ, 1996 ; . The phosphate group in psilocybin and baeocystin prevents direct oxidation of the 213 and ritalin.
8221; myron stolaroff, author of the secret chief and from thanatos to eros teonaná catl was the name given to the visionary mushrooms used in ancient meso american shamanic ceremonies, mushrooms that contain psilocybin, the psychoactive agent identified by swiss chemist albert hofmann, the discoverer of lsd.
Psilocybin effects on body
Percentage of renin-angiotensin system drugs prescribed as ACE inhibitors ACE inhibitors should be first choice renin-angiotensin system drugs National Institute for Clinical Excellence NICE ; The National Institute for Clinical Effectiveness NICE ; guidance for Hypertension [NICE CG 34, 2006]. In this guidance ACE-I are identified as first line antihypertensive agent for patients younger than 55, and as a second line agent in others, for instance, psipocybin mushroom grow.
In the present study, we give a semiquantitative content of psilocin and psilocybni in some of our mushrooms in dry substance psilocybe semilanceata, psilocybe bohemica, psilocybe arcana, psilocybe cyanescens, panaeolus acuminatus sensu ricken, inocybe haemacta and pluteus salicinus and serevent. LSD and mescaline have a reputation for being spectacular hallucinatory In moderate to high doses, psilocybiin and psilocybian mushrooms uce striking visual effects in most users who close their eyes even among pie who are ordinarily not much as "visualizers." In contrast to most Bother psychedelics, psilocybian mushrooms have also impressed many users with auditory effects. Oss and Oeric describe the response when the exper-2 is upbeat: The state of mind induced by a full dose of mushrooms is one of euphoria and calm lucidity, with no loss of coherence or clarity of thought. The hallucinations seen with the eyes closed are colorful, hsrd-edged, and highly articulated, and may range from abstract geometrical forms to visions of fantastic landscapes and architectural vistas. These hallucinations are most intense when the mushroom is taken in the setting preferred by the Mazatecans: inside at night in complete darkness. On the other hand, if one is in a natural setting and directs the focus of the senses outward to the environment, one discovers that one's senses seem keyed to their highest pitch of receptivity, and finds oneself hearing, smelling and seeing things with a clarity and sensitivity seldom, if ever, experienced before. One of the most interesting papers published on mushrooms is Henry Mvinn's in Hallucinogens and Shamanism. Married to a niece of the shamans he writes about, Munn reports that the Indians hear the mushrooms say things and theorizes that psilocybin affects some verbalization and speech "centers of the brain. Auditory hallucinations induced by these mushrooms occur both externally and internally with "hearing, " as we normally think of it, and with "inner voices" ; . Munn emphasizes the "ecstatic language" given voice through the shamans: The phenomenon most distinctive of the mushroom's effect is the inspired capacity to speak. Those who eat them are men of language, illuminated with the spirit, who call themselves the ones who speak, those who say. The shaman, chanting in a melodic singsong, saying says at the end of each phrase of saying, is in communication with the origin of creation, the sources of the voice, and the fountains of the word. Jean Basset Johnson, among the first whites to observe a mushroom : ceremony, also observed that inspired speech during a curing session attributed to the mushroom, not the shaman. Oaxacan Indians today claim that God gave them these sacred mushrooms because they could not read and it was necessary for him to speak to them directly. Lucinogens, each accorded a linked Web page describing subjective effects, chemical structure, and instructions for synthesis. We found eight sites selling strains of Psilocybe cubensis spores with a kit of tools and growth media to activate spores into developing mycelia and thereby into illegal psilocybin-containing mushrooms. One site, "Psilocybe Fanaticus" : fanaticus ; , even listed assays of mushrooms grown with and without tryptamine hydrochloride, correctly noting that tryptamine is a substrate of hallucinogens such as psilocybin and psilocin 15 ; . We also found two Dutch sites offering to sell psilocybin-containing mushrooms directly to customers, although these companies did not guarantee shipments to individuals living in countries where possession of these mushrooms is illegal. Seven additional sites offered to sell other hallucinogenic plant materials, although most did not explicitly identify them as hallucinogens. "JLF" : jlfcatalog ; offered an extensive catalog of "poisonous nonconsumables, " including various beans, barks, leaves, and living plants containing dimethyltryptamine. "JLF" also offered purified 5-methoxy-dimethyltryptamine and the short-acting hallucinogen dipropyltryptamine 16 ; . Similarly, "Ethnobotany" : ethnobotany ; sold the leaves of Salvia divinorum, a plant containing the little-known hallucinogen salvinorin A, a neoclerodane diterpene structurally unrelated to all other hallucinogens 8 ; and traditionally consumed by the Mazatec Indians of Mexico 17 ; . Finally, an Internet travel industry offered tours to countries where hallucinogenic potions can be ingested within a traditional ritualized context. "Shamanismo" now defunct ; offered travel packages to locations in Colombia and Mexico in which the dimethyltryptamine-containing potion ayahuasca is prepared and offered to participants. "Shamanic Track" : deoxy shaman ; also offered information on travel to the Amazon, again for the express purpose of experiencing ayahuasca. We found 26 sites carrying other hallucinogen-related information, including a keyword-searchable database of hundreds of personal experiences with dozens of hallucinogens; a searchable database of street prices for hallucinogens and other illicit drugs in many American and international cities; and religious information about hallucinogens, including the sites of two legal Brazilian religions that actively use ayahuasca as a sacrament. We also found online books and bookstores; searchable databases of scientific articles on hallucinogen-related topics; materials on culture, social policy, and historical use; newspaper clippings; information on legalization or decriminalization efforts; and advocacy of ibogaine as a drugaddiction interrupter. In contrast with the thousands of pages of underground hallucinogen information just described, we found only two linked sites from U.S. government agencies cautionAm J Psychiatry 158: 3, March 2001 and serzone. For children over 1 month of age: 8-16 mg kg for 24 h, divided in 3-4 intakes. In severe cases - 16-20 mg kg for 24 h, divided in 3-4 intakes. The capsules should be swallowed with sufficient quantity of liquid. The treatment duration varies broadly, depending on the nature of the underlying process, for example the prophylaxis of rheumatic recurrence lasts for at least 10 days. PACKAGE Capsules of 75 mg and 150 mg; blister strips of 8 capsules; boxes of 2 blister strips. Capsules of 75 mg and 150 mg; boxes of 1000. STORAGE In dry places, protected from direct sunlight, at temperature not exceeding 30oC. SHELF LIFE Three years. MANUFACTURED BY: Balkanpharma - Razgrad, Bulgaria.
This work was supported by the ministry of education, science, sports, and culture of japan, the japan research foundation for clinical pharmacology, the tokyo biochemical research foundation, the mitsubishi pharma research foundation, and the smoking research foundation and singulair and psilocybin, for example, psilocybin drug tests.
It is part of a class of drugs known as bisphosphonates which are used to slow the rate of bone loss.
Identical effects can be obtained from indian hemp and its derivatives, including hashish; from the peyote cactus and its extract, mescaline; from a mexican mushroom and its laboratory counterpart, psilocybin, which dr and synthroid.
Slowing Disease Progression If viral clearance cannot be achieved, the secondary goals of treatment are to reduce the extent of liver damage, slow disease progression, and reduce the risk of complications. A non-responder is at risk for disease progression and should be monitored for signs of liver failure. If you are a non-responder, any clinical sign of liver function deterioration should prompt your health care provider to refer you to a treatment center experienced in liver transplantation for evaluation.
Ecstasy, some say, is the perfect playa drug, guaranteed to mellow out even the most sour of spectators and get even backwards-baseball-capwearing frat boys into the groove. But is E a quick.
Since it has been well established that the above mentions apostasy is in progress in the Church today, which is the first part of the sequence, is there any reason to doubt the second half of the historical examples will not take place was well? That is, the righteous will be either gathered out form among their more wicked brethren and or forcefully cast out or jaild murdered. ; Unfortunately, there are not any published, verified, first hand prophecies, dreams or visions by Church authorities, at least that I can find ; that specifically describe this part happening in the last days. However, there is a statement by President Harold B. Lee counseling the general Church membership to look forward to such future instructions by the leaders of the Church to gather from the cities to places of refuge in the last days. He said: "Thus, clearly, the Lord has placed the responsibility for directing the work of gathering in the hands of the leaders of the Church to whom he will reveal his will where and when such gatherings would take place in the future. It would be well--before the frightening events concerning the fulfilment of all God's promises and predictions are upon us, that the Saints in every land prepare themselves and look forward to the instruction that shall come to them from the First Presidency of this Church as to where they shall be gathered and not be disturbed in their feelings until such instruction is given to them as it is revealed by the Lord to the proper authority." 13 CONCLUSION There is not only much historical precedence for the righteous saints to flee because of the wickedness of the society they live in, most often using tents as temporary housing, but prophecies by ancient and modern prophets indicate that such apostasy is going to happen again in the last days. Indeed, modern prophets indicate the process that eventually produces this need to flee has already begun and is in full swing. Also the Church membership has been instructed to look forward and heed instructions from the Church leadership concerning gathering to such places of refuge in the future!
These drugs-which are not real hormones-have been killing women for more than 40 years with the big three, heart attacks, strokes and cancers that are seemingly unrelated, because psilocybin drug test. Although many physicians know that they have a duty to report patients they diagnose with "disorders characterized by lapses of consciousness, " many doctors are not aware of the duty and, in states such as California, the legal mandate to report Alzheimer's Disease and related disorders, such as dementia. Physicians in California are required to report these conditions to the local health officer who, in turn, reports the information to the Department of Motor Vehicles DMV ; .1 The Confidentiality of Medical Information Act and HIPAA Privacy Rules contain explicit exceptions for disclosures specifically authorized or required by law; reporting a patient's condition, as required by law, would therefore not violate the patient's rights.2, 3, 4 The local health officer and the DMV are required by statute to keep confidential the reports they receive.1, 2, 5 As a result of failure to report, people injured in California because of a patient's inability to operate a car safely have been suing those patients' physicians and attempting to recover non-economic damages above the $250, 000 Medical Injury Compensation Reform Act MICRA ; limit. Plaintiffs' attorneys are arguing that no physicianpatient relationship exists between the plaintiff and defendant physician and, therefore, the injuries do not arise from direct patient care, but rather from a failure to report, which places these cases outside the scope of MICRA. "Disorders characterized by lapses of consciousness" are those medical conditions that involve: 2, 6 1 ; a loss of consciousness or a marked reduction of alertness or responsiveness to external stimuli; and 2 ; the inability to perform one or more activities of daily living; and 3 ; the impairment of sensory motor functions used to operate a motor vehicle. All three of these situations must be in place to trigger physician reporting to the local health officer.2 Examples of medical conditions that do not always, but may progress to the level of functional severity described in the list above, include the following: 2, 6 and ranitidine!
Treatments for ui include the administration of drugs having bladder-relaxant properties, which help to control bladder-detrusor-muscle overactivity. These two drugs are a combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.
028 CANNABINOID INHIBITION OF AXONAL INJURY INDUCED BY PEROXYNITRITE Christine P. Yang * , Walter J. Hader and Xia Zhang. * Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan The objective of this study was to exam whether cannabinoid could protect, by its direct action, peroxynitrite-induced axonal injury in rats. ` Methods: Rats received bilateral adrenalectomy and then injection of the peroxynitrite donor 3morpholinosydnonimine into the corpus callosum to induce axonal injury. Rats were given a corticosterone replacement treatment that mimicked the circadian rhythm of circulating adrenal steroids. Immediately after surgery, 7 groups of rats received twice daily intraperitonial injections, for 4.5 days, of the CB1 receptor agonist HU210 25, 50, 100 g kg ; , the CB1 receptor antagonist AM281 0.1, 3 mg kg ; , and vehicle. Rats were sacrificed 5 days after surgery by perfusion through the heart with 4% paraformaldehyde, followed by cutting rat brains into sections on a sliding microtome. The sections were stained with immunohistochemistry with antibody against amyloid precussor proteins APP ; , based on the previous finding that degenerating axons in the corpus callosum would show immunostaining of APP. Quantification was performed by counting the numbers of APP-immunoreactive nerve fibres. Results: Vehicle injected rats showed prominent axonal injury i.e. APP-immunoreactive axons ; , which is similar to the previous findings [Touil et al., 2001]. The rats treated with the CB1 receptor agonist HU210 exhibited a dramatic reduction of axonal injury in a dosedependent manner, whereas the CB1 receptor antagonist AM281 treated rats displayed an enhancement of axonal injury in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, our results suggest that cannabinoid is able to inhibit peroxynitrite-induced axonal injury in rats by its direct action but not by its indirect action of promoting corticosterone secretion!
This mushroom was originally collected in Cuba in 1904. It is the easiest of all mushrooms to grow--even easier than the commercial ones. Currently, it is probably the best psilocybian mushroom for most users and is certainly the most readily available. Its psychoactivity varies, however, and degenerates over time, especially when there is delay in moving the product from the grower to user. Some dealers have been known to open up bags of these mushrooms so they will gain more weight from ambient humidity, which breaks down the psilocybin and psilocin even further. This species was collected by Schultes during his 1939 trip to Oaxaca and deposited at the Farlow Herbarium at Harvard University. After the Second World War, the mycologist Rolf Singer worked there identifying mushrooms; in an attempt to reorganize the taxonomy of the genus Stropharia, he came upon Schultes' specimens. In 1951, he placed Stropharia cubensis Earle in the Psilocybe genus, basing this identification on microscopic characteristics, particularly of the spore. He neglected to tell Schultes and didn't follow this work up, but the mushroom is now often referred to as Psilocybe cubensis Earle ; Singer.
Identifying wild psilocybin mushrooms
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Growing psilocybin easy
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